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The Sword and the Shield
The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB
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Excerpt
BY CHRISTOPHER ANDREW
THÉOPHILE DELCASSÉ AND THE MAKING OF THE ENTENTE CORDIALE
THE FIRST WORLD WAR: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES (VOLUME 19 OF THE HAMLYN HISTORY OF THE WORLD)
FRANCE OVERSEAS: THE GREAT WAR AND THE CLIMAX OF FRENCH IMPERIAL EXPANSION (WITH A.S. KANYA-FORSTNER)
THE MISSING DIMENSION: GOVERNMENTS AND INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITIES IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (WITH DAVID DILKS)
HER MAJESTY'S SECRET SERVICE: THE MAKING OF THE BRITISH INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY
CODEBREAKING AND SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, 1900-1945
(WITH JEREMY NOAKES}
(WITH JEREMY NOAKES}
KGB: THE INSIDE STORY OF ITS FOREIGN OPERATIONS FROM LENIN TO GORBACHEV
(WITH OLEG GORDIEVSKY)
(WITH OLEG GORDIEVSKY)
INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE CENTRE: TOP SECRET FILES ON
KGB FOREIGN OPERATIONS, 1975-1985
(PUBLISHED IN THE USA AS: COMRADE KRYUCHKOV'S INSTRUCTIONS)
(WITH OLEG GORDIEVSKY)
KGB FOREIGN OPERATIONS, 1975-1985
(PUBLISHED IN THE USA AS: COMRADE KRYUCHKOV'S INSTRUCTIONS)
(WITH OLEG GORDIEVSKY)
MORE 'INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE CENTRE': TOP SECRET FILES ON KGB
GLOBAL OPERATIONS, 1975-1985
(WITH OLEG GORDIEVSKY)
GLOBAL OPERATIONS, 1975-1985
(WITH OLEG GORDIEVSKY)
FOR THE PRESIDENT'S EYES ONLY: SECRET INTELLIGENCE AND THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY FROM WASHINGTON TO BUSH
ETERNAL VIGILANCE?
FIFTY YEARS OF THE CIA
(WITH RHODRI JEFFREYS-JONES)
FIFTY YEARS OF THE CIA
(WITH RHODRI JEFFREYS-JONES)
IN MEMORY OF "MA"
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AFSA | Armed Forces Security [SIGINT] Agency [USA] |
AKEL | Cyprus Communist Party |
Amtorg | American-Soviet Trading Corporation, New York |
ASA | Army Security [SIGINT] Agency [USA] |
AVH | Hungarian security and intelligence agency |
AVO | predecessor of AVH |
BfV | FRG security service |
BND | FRG foreign intelligence agency |
CDU | Christian Democratic Union [FRG] |
Cheka | All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage: predecessor KGB (1917-22) |
CIA | Central Intelligence Agency [USA] |
COCOM | Coordinating Committee for East-West Trade |
Comecon | [Soviet Bloc] Council for Mutual Economic Aid |
Comintern | Communist International |
CPC | Christian Peace Conference |
CPC | Communist Party of Canada |
CPCz | Communist Party of Czechoslovakia |
CPGB | Communist Party of Great Britain |
CPSU | Communist Party of the Soviet Union |
CPUSA | Communist Party of the United States of America |
CSU | Christian Social Union [FRG: ally of CDU] |
DCI | Director of Central Intelligence [USA] |
DGS | Portuguese security service |
DGSE | French foreign intelligence service |
DIA | Defense Intelligence Agency [USA] |
DLB | dead letter-box |
DRG | Soviet sabotage and intelligence group |
DS | Bulgarian security and intelligence service |
DST | French security service |
F Line | "Special Actions" department in KGB residencies |
FAPSI | Russian (post-Soviet) SIGINT agency |
FBI | Federal Bureau of Investigation [USA] |
FCD | First Chief [Foreign Intelligence] Directorate, KGB |
FCO | Foreign and Commonwealth Office [UK] |
FRG | Federal Republic of Germany |
GCHQ | Government Communications Head-Quarters [British SIGINT Agency] |
GDR | German Democratic Republic |
GPU | Soviet security and intelligence service (within NKVD, 1922-3) |
GRU | Soviet Military Intelligence |
GUGB | Soviet security and intelligence service (within NKVD, 1943-43) |
Gulag | Labour Camps Directorate |
HUMINT | intelligence from human sources (espionage) |
HVA | GDR foreign intelligence service |
ICBM | intercontinental ballistic missile |
IMINT | imagery intelligence |
INO | foreign intelligence department of Cheka/GPU/OGPU/ GUGB, 1920-1941; predecessor of INU |
INU | foreign intelligence directorate of NKGB/GUGB/MGB, 1941-54; predecessor of FCD |
IRA | Irish Republican Army |
JIC | Joint Intelligence Committee [UK] |
K-231 | club of former political prisoners jailed under Article 231 of the Czechoslovak criminal code |
KAN | Club of Non-Party Activists [Czechoslovakia] |
KGB | Soviet security and intelligence service (1954-1991) |
KHAD | Afghan security service |
KI | Soviet foreign intelligence agency, initially combining foreign intelligence directorates of MGB and GRU (1947-51) |
KKE | Greek Communist Party |
KKE-es | breakaway Eurocommunist Greek Communist Party |
KOR | Workers Defence Committee [Poland] |
KPÖ | Austrian Communist Party |
KR Line | Counter-intelligence department in KGB residencies |
LLB | live letter box |
MGB | Soviet Ministry of State Security (1946-54) |
MGIMO | Moscow State Institute for International Relations |
MI5 | British security service |
MI6 | alternative designation for SIS [UK] |
MOR | Monarchist Association of Central Russia ("The Trust") |
N Line | Illegal support department in KGB residencies |
NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
NKGB | People's Commisariat for State Security (Soviet security and intelligence service, 1941 and 1943-6) |
NKVD | People's Commisariat for Internal Affairs (incorporated state |
security, 1922-3, 1934-43) | |
NSA | National Security [SIGINT] Agency [USA] |
NSC | National Security Council [USA] |
NSZRiS | People's [anti-Bolshevik] Union for Defence of Country and Freedom |
NTS | National Labour Alliance (Soviet émigré social-democratic movement) |
Okhrana | Tsarist security service, 1881-1917 |
OMS | Comintern International Liaison Department |
OSS | Office of Strategic Services [USA] |
OT | Operational Technical Support (FCD) |
OUN | Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists |
OZNA | Yugoslav security and intelligence service |
PCF | French Communist Party |
PCI | Italian Communist Party |
PCP | Portuguese Communist Party |
PFLP | Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine |
PIDE | Portuguese Liberation Organization |
PLO | Palestine Liberation Organization |
POUM | Workers Unification Party (Spanish Marxist Trotskyist Party in 1930s) |
PR Line | political intelligence department in KGB residences |
PSOE | Spanish Socialist Party |
PUWP | Polish United Workers [Communist] Party |
RCMP | Royal Canadian Mounted Police |
ROVS | [White] Russian Combined Services Union |
RYAN | Raketno-Yadernoye Napadenie (Nuclear Missile Attack) |
SALT | Strategic Arms Limitation Talks |
SAM | Soviet surface-to-air missile |
SB | Polish Security and intelligence service |
SCD | Second Chief [Internal Security and Counter-Intelligence] Directorate, KGB |
SDECE | French foreign intelligence service; predecessor of DGSE |
SDI | Strategic Defense Initiative ('Star Wars') |
SED | Socialist Unity [Communist] Party [GDR] |
SIGINT | intelligence derived from interception and analysis of signals |
SIS | Secret Intelligence Service [UK] |
SK Line | Soviet colony department in KGB residencies |
SKP | Communist Party of Finland |
SOE | Special Operations Executive [UK] |
SPD | Social Democratic Party [FRG] |
Spetsnaz | Soviet special forces |
SR | Socialist Revolutionary |
S&T | scientific and technological intelligence |
Stapo | Austrian police security service |
Stasi | GDR Ministry of State Security |
Stavka | Wartime Soviet GHQ/high command |
StB | Czechoslovak security and intelligence service |
SVR | Russian (post-Soviet) foreign intelligence service |
TUC | Trades Union Congress [UK] |
UAR | United Arab Republic |
UB | Polish security and intelligence service; predecessor of SB |
UDBA | Yugoslav security and intelligence service; successor to OZNA |
VPK | Soviet Military Industrial Commission |
VVR | Supreme Military Council [anti-Bolshevik Ukranian underground] |
WCC | World Council of Churches |
WPC | World Peace Council |
X Line | S&T department in KGB residencies |
THE EVOLUTION OF THE KGB, 1917-1991
The term KGB is used both generally to denote the Soviet State Security organisation throughout its history since its foundation as the Cheka in 1917 and, more specifically, to refer to State Security after 1954 when it took its final name.
THE TRANSLITERATION OF RUSSIAN NAMES
We have followed a simplified version of the method used by the U.S. Board on Geographic Names and BBC Monitering Service. Simplifications include the substitution of "y" for "iy" in surnames (Trotsky rather than Trotskiy) and of "i" for "iy" in first names (Yuri rather than Yuriy). The "y" between the letters "i" and/or "e" is omitted (for example, Andreev and Dmitrievich—not Andreyev and Dmitriyevich), as is the apostrophe used to signify a soft sign.
In cases where a mildly deviant English version of a well-known Russian name has become firmly established, we have retained that version, for example: Beria, Evdokia (Petrova), Izvestia, Joseph (Stalin), Khrushchev, Nureyev and the names of Tsars.
FOREWORD
I have written this book in consultation with Vasili Mitrokhin, based on the extensive top secret material (described in Chapter 1) which he has smuggled out from the KGB foreign intelligence archive. For the past quarter of a century, Mitrokhin has passionately wanted this material, which for twelve years he risked his life to assemble, to see the light of day. He wished to reveal "how thin the thread of peace actually was during the Cold War." From that passion this book has been born. I have felt it my duty to ensure that this material, which offers detailed and often unique insights into the workings of the Soviet State and the history of the Soviet Union, achieves the level of public awareness and recognition that it deserves.
Like all archives, those of the KGB require interpretation in the light of previous research and related documents. The end notes and bibliography provide full details of the additional sources used to place Mitrokhin's revelations in historical context. These sources also provide overwhelming corroborative evidence for his genuineness as a source.
Codenames (also known as "worknames" in the case of KGB officers) appear in the text in capitals. Many KGB codenames were used more than once. In such cases, the text and index make clear which individual is referred to. It is also important to note that, although certain individuals were targeted by the KGB, and may have been given codenames, this does not mean that the persons named were conscious or witting agents or sources—or even that they were aware that they were being targeted for recruitment or political influence operations. Similarly, the fact that an individual may have endorsed a position that was favorable to the Soviet Union does not necessarily mean that this person was working as an agent, or agent of influence, for the KGB. The KGB frequently gave prominent policymakers codenames in order to protect the identity of their targets, and to order recruited KGB agents to target such individuals.
For legal reasons, some of the Soviet agents identified in KGB files can be referred to in this book only by their codenames. In a limited number of cases, chiefly because of the risk of prejudicing a possible prosecution, no reference can be made to them at all. These omissions do not, so far as I am aware, significantly affect the main conclusions of any chapter.
Christopher Andrew
INTRODUCTION TO THE PAPERBACK EDITION
On October 17, 1995, I was invited to the post-modern London headquarters of the Secret Intelligence Service (better known as SIS or MI6) at Vauxhall Cross on the banks of the Thames to be briefed on one of the most remarkable intelligence coups of the late twentieth century. SIS told me how in 1992 it had exfiltrated from Russia a retired senior KGB archivist, Vasili Mitrokhin, his family and six large cases of top-secret material from the KGB's foreign intelligence archive. Mitrokhin's staggering feat in noting KGB files almost every working day for a period of twelve years and smuggling his notes out of its foreign intelligence headquarters at enormous personal risk is probably unique in intelligence history. When I first saw Mitrokhin's archive a few weeks after the briefing, both its scope and secrecy took my breath away. It contained important new material on KGB operations around the world. The only European countries absent from the archive were the pocket states of Andorra, Monaco and Liechtenstein. (There was, however, some interesting material on San Marino.) It was clear that Mitrokhin had had access to even the most highly classified KGB files – among them those which gave the real identities and "legends" of the Soviet "illegals" living under deep cover abroad disguised as foreign nationals.1
Soon after my first examination of the archive, I met Vasili Mitrokhin over tea in a conference room at SIS headquarters and discussed collaborating with him in a history based on his material. Mitrokhin said little about himself. Indeed it later required some persuasion to convince him that it was worth including his own story at the beginning of our book. But Mitrokhin was passionate about his archive and anxious that as much of it as possible be used to expose the record of the KGB.
Early in 1996 Mitrokhin and his family paid their first visit to Cambridge University, where I am Professor of Modern and Contemporary History. I met them outside the Porters' Lodge at Corpus Christi College, of which I'm a Fellow, and we had lunch together in a private room overlooking the medieval Old Court (the oldest complete court in Cambridge). After lunch we went to the College Hall to look at what is believed to be the only surviving portrait of the College's first spy and greatest writer – the Elizabethan dramatist Christopher Marlowe, who had been killed in a pub brawl in 1593 at the age of only twenty-nine, probably while working for the secret service of Queen Elizabeth I. Then we walked along the Backs through King's and Clare colleges to visit Trinity and Trinity Hall, the colleges of the KGB's best-known British recruits, the "Magnificent Five," some of whose files Mitrokhin had noted.2 Mitrokhin had long ago mastered the art of being inconspicuous. The friends and colleagues whom we met as we walked round Cambridge did not give him a second glance.
In March 1996 the then Foreign Secretary, Malcolm Rifkind, gave approval in principle (later confirmed by his successor, Robin Cook) for me to write a book based on Mitrokhin's extraordinary archive.3 For the next three and a half years, because the archive was still classified, I was able to discuss none of it with colleagues in Corpus Christi College and the Cambridge History Faculty-or even to reveal the nature of the book that I was writing. In Britain at least, the secret of the Mitrokhin archive was remarkably well kept. Until The Mitrokhin Archive
Genre:
- On Sale
- Aug 29, 2000
- Page Count
- 736 pages
- Publisher
- Basic Books
- ISBN-13
- 9780465010035
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